Moby Essays - Moby-Dick, Captain Ahab, Moby Dick, Whale,

Moby Dicks By Herman Melville All through the entire story the white whale isn't just portrayed as an unexplainable power of nature but at the same time is given a practically divine quality , he is continually contrasted with God, and as the individuals dread and venerate God they likewise dread Moby Dick and whales in general.The Whalers of the town see the whales not as thier prey yet they consider them to be thier advisaries.An advisary that rises to and regularly outperforms them in prowess.From the begining of the film we are gone up against with the picture of the whale as the personificaion of intensity and quality ,as Stubb says in the motel If God where to be any fish he would be a whale. From this qoute alone it is obvious that the whale holds an extraordinary arrangement of power.It is additionally evident that to stand up to a whale is a lot of like facing the unstoppable force of life or even God , in the two circumstances the chances are stacked intensely against you. It is obvious that Moby Dick is the embodiment of the fierce persistancy of the Omnipotent , If not anyplace else this is most clearly showed through the teams responses to the whale , and the legendary legends that emerge about the whale.One of the primary comments made about the whale is Yes, it was Moby Dick that tore my Body and soul until they seeped into one another. This qoute , by Captain Ahab , portrays the whale as not just having capacity to pulverize in the physical domain yet to likewise to mame in the spirtual world as well.The numerous scriptural implications in the story strengthened the thought that Moby Dick is an instrument of God if not God himself. Ahab having acknowledged the way that the monster was considerably more than a creature despite everything perseveres in his mission for vengence , this consistent battle among Ahab and the whale is like keeps an eye on continuous clash with god.Like Ahab regardless of how regularly or in what way God makes his will known to us we generally appear to wander a path from that.Here Ahab, or man, doesn't just disregard the will God yet he additionally challenges it.Moby Dick remains consistent with the job of God , that is he just alows you to resist him for such a long time , before practicing his capacity to wreck without sympathy. In spite of the fact that there is obviously numerous things contrasting Moby Dick with a divine being there is too an exacting differentiation , Starbuck who is clearly a devoute christian is the main individual on the Peqod that assumes that Moby Dick is simply a whale, he says , This whale is a moronic beast who carries on of instict. Starbuck neglects to see the force that the greater part of different mariners accept the whale has.Consequently Starbuck additionally is by all accounts the just one on the boat that hasn't been corrupted with the impact of paganism.Although the team is for the most part made up of christians thier activities on the pontoon intently take after that of polytheistic cultures.The blood promises that they take is a genuine model , indicating that they are all the more tolerating of a whale being a divine being than just an animal.Starbuck all through the story never questions the way that Moby Dick is just a whale, which is clear when he says, I don't fear Moby Dick I dread the fury of God''. Here Starbuck is stating that despite the fact that he doesn't accept that the whale is anything over a whale he believes that the Almighty might be utilizing Moby Dick as his vessel and consequently by opposing him they might be incuring the anger of God.Another second where Starbuck express his convictions about the journey is the point at which he says , Do ye not see that by serving Ahab we share in his obscenity., saying that by obeying Ahab in his resistance of god that the whole team as offended or exasperated God and by doing so have transferred ownership of thier spirits. In spite of the fact that Moby Dick was seen as god , an unstopable power of nature and as just a whale it is clear that he speaks to more.He speaks to the unatainable aspriations of man , the founatin of youth that will make a man cleanse his spirit and cast away his mankind to accomplish it.But all activities that man does to accomplish it ,they are every one of the an activity in futility.The basic reality is that in this life there are things that are intended for you

Writing Resources for Teenagers

Composing Resources for Teenagers Composing Resources for Teenagers Composing Resources for Teenagers By Ali Hale I know from the remarks that loads of adolescents read Daily Writing Tips, and as a previous high school essayist myself, I needed to offer a portion of my tips and most loved assets. I’ve been recounting stories for whatever length of time that I can recollect †even before I could compose, I made up stories to advise to my mum and child sibling. As a high schooler, I composed a sci-fi novella (around 40,000 words) matured 14/15. I despite everything have it concealed in a closet in my parent’s house. Here’s a portion of the exhortation I could have finished with in those days (I’m going to concentrate on teenager fiction scholars here, yet you’ll locate some valuable connections if you’re a blogger or verifiable essayist as well. A ton of the destinations referenced are extraordinary for under-13s as well, and a lot of the great composing counsel applies to grown-ups, not simply adolescents!) Ali’s tips Before I get to the rundown of assets, I’ll give you three snappy tips that helped me as a high schooler author. 1. Join a writers’ circle or night class †I began going to one when I was 14 and remained until I left for college matured 18. I was the most youthful part by far, however I was made exceptionally welcome and I took in an immense sum. 2. Compose each day †I used to jot away in the school library in my lunch-break, and my folks gave me a word processor (more like a celebrated typewriter than a PC) when I was 15. (Matured 16, I found an internet composing game, and the remainder of my composing everything except halted for two years†¦) 3. â€Å"Borrow† plots from works of art †The principal stories I composed that I was content with, matured 12, depended on Beowulf (see an examination manage for this book here) and the Ballad of Semmerwater (the two of which we were concentrating in English class). Youthful Writer Magazine I used to peruse this when I was around 12, and afterward it quit being distributed for a considerable length of time. It’s being distributed normally once more (hurrah!) however somewhat late for me. It cooks for essayists under 18, and distributes children’s and teens’ fiction and verse. You may experience difficulty discovering it on the magazine racks if you’re outside the UK, however you can buy in on the Young Writer site, any place you live on the planet. (I additionally suggest perusing general composing magazines focused on grown-ups †these will have a lot of articles focused on tenderfoots, and give you a genuine feeling of the distributing business.) Rivalries Open to Teens One of my genuine disappointments as an adolescent essayist was that Writing Magazine’s rivalries were possibly open on the off chance that you were 16+ (because of granting money prizes). Cheerfully, there are heaps of teenager explicit composing rivalries. Here’s only several them: TooWrite (run by Young Writer) which is available to journalists matured 16 and under, of any nationality. The prizes on offer are incredible, as well; your stature in books if you’re under 10, the length of your foot in CDs if you’re 11-13, and your age in number of DVDs if you’re 14-16. The Green Story Teen Version (Link not, at this point dynamic) †This is where you can present a part of a shared novel. The sections get decided on and the best one turns out to be a piece of the novel. On the off chance that you google composing rivalries, youll discover a lot of connections and look out on noticeboards at school, in book shops or at open libraries for nearby rivalries. Online Articles In the course of recent years, I’ve go over some superb online articles focused on high schooler journalists. Here’s a not many that I suggest perusing: From Vision: A Resource for Writers: Being a Teenage Writer †by Lorianne Watts (matured 17 at the time she composed the article). Five Practical Tips for Young Writers †by Beth Adele Long, the partner proofreader of Young Writer’s Scene. (NB: something isn't right with the arranging of this one; on the off chance that you reorder the entire thing into Word, it’s coherent!) Helping Younger Writers by Lazette Gifford, the proofreader of Vision. Focused on grown-ups who need to support more youthful authors, however give it a read if you’re a high schooler as well. Beginning: A Guide for Young Writers by Victoria Hastings (who had her first paper distribution when she was in the fifth grade). Articles from somewhere else: Rules for Teen ProBloggers †from ProBlogger. Incredible guidance in the event that you need to get into proficient (for example cash making!) blogging. Tips for Young Writers †from Zoe Marriott (who composes for a youthful grown-up crowd). She responds to a few peruser inquiries here. 10 Things Teenage Writesr Should Know About Writing †fair counsel, entertainingly advertised. I wish I’d read this when I was fourteen†¦! Suggested books Have a go at getting, asking or purchasing duplicates of a couple of good books on composing. These will in general be focused on grown-up (or undergrad) journalists, however the guidance is typically clear and splendidly appropriate for learners. Two of the books I’ve discovered helpful are: Nigel Watts’ Teach Yourself: Writing A Novel And Getting Published †I’ve had my duplicate since I was 14 (I despite everything got it with my birthday cash in 1999) The cover’s nearly tumbled off now, which shows how valuable it’s been throughout the years! Palgrave’s How to Write Fiction (And Think About it). This is focused on understudies, and goes into a great deal of profundity and hypothesis about fiction composing †yet I’d propose giving it a go at any rate. On the off chance that you’re an insightful high schooler, you can deal with it. Your school custodian might have the option to suggest some great books, and on the off chance that you know any grown-up authors, take a stab at asking them. NaNoWriMo I’ll end this article by pointing you towards NaNoWriMo (National Novel Writing Month), which begins on November first. Challenge yourself to compose a 50,000 word novel in only one month †countless individuals get included each November, and there’s a devoted Young Writers’ program for children and teenagers (where you set your own objective number of words). In the event that you’re matured 13 †17, you can pursue the Young Writers’ program or the fundamental site. It is awesome to get notification from some of Daily Writing Tips’s high schooler essayists †we know you’re out there! What are you taking a shot at right now? Do you compose fiction, a blog, or something different completely? What do you discover best and most noticeably awful about being a high schooler essayist? Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Fiction Writing class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Direct and Indirect ObjectsLoan, Lend, Loaned, LentKn-Words in English

The Vision and Mission Statements of Google

The Vision and Mission Statements of Google Today, the average web surfer can search for a number of differently phrased words or key words related to a specific topic and still come up with a plethora of great information from a myriad of sources. However, the world wide web was not always so easy to navigate. There was once a time when one had to know the exact wording of a website’s title to find what they were looking for. To start from the beginning, let’s define what search engine means. A search engine is a software program or script available through the Internet that searches documents and files for keywords and returns the results of any files containing those keywords. The History of Search Engines An internet search back then was not able to provide a user with related topics and keywords, and adding a URL to an engine’s index sometimes took weeks to complete. Today, there are thousands of different search engines available on the Internet, each with their own abilities and features. But nowadays, having the technologies and internet possibilities turned our lives into something great and amazing, we can definitely say that it was a long way for search engines to take off. More free time? Better grade? Click on this button nowOrder Now Modern search engines are pretty incredible â€" complex algorithms enable search engines to take your search query and return results that are usually quite accurate, presenting you with valuable information nuggets amidst a vast information data mine. Google, being one of the first companies which have created the search engine called for utilize backlinks for search where any mention (using the citation notations) of web-site on another web-site counted it as a vote toward the mentioned site. Having search optimization and technologies developed and improved by this time, Google search engines and other major search engines like Bing and Yahoo tried to use large, numerous computers in order to search through the large quantities of data across the web. Along with all of the technologies, internet’s opportunities and high demand from the audience, the vast majority of the companies had to take this change, adjust the solution they had and create something that could answer on customer’s needs. Of course not all of them took the changes easily, some companies went bankrupt but some of them were strong enough (being able to adapt to the change) to survive. Google is one of the examples of how company could reform its policy, build up new approaches according to the user’s needs and increase its dominance so now, every one knows what Google is! Why is Google so widespread and well-known in the world? What does Google offer now? What is the secret that Google has to cater user’s particular interests? To get the answers on all of these questions, you need to keep on reading. To start from the beginning, Google Inc. is American search engine company, established in 1998. Google began as an online search firm, but it now offers more than 50 Internet services and products, from e-mail and online document creation to software for mobile phones and tablet computers. Google’s broad product portfolio and size make it one of the top four influential companies in the high-tech marketplace, along with Apple, IBM, and Microsoft. Offering everything from image searches, map searches, news searches, etc, Google is the most well-known and widespread search engine users select. Despite this myriad of products, its original search tool remains the core of its success. With impressive keyword relevancy and a continuously improving search algorithm, its easy to see why Google is still the reigning champ. So what is secret of Google that makes it so successful? It is Google’s values and its mission. Google’s mission statement and vision statement reflect the powerful position of this company in terms of what it wants to achieve. The mission statement defines the strategies of the business, such as the development of new products. In a similar way, the company’s vision statement pushes the organization to achieve new heights, such as through rapid innovation. Google follows its vision statement and mission statement through its generic strategy and intensive growth strategies. What is Google’s Vision Statement? Google’s vision statement is “to provide access to the world’s information in one click.” The definition of this mission statement has three variables, namely, world’s information, accessibility, and one click. The firm fulfills the world’s information component of the vision statement by crawling webpages. The company maintains databases containing indexes of these websites. Google fulfills the accessibility component by offering its search engine services to everyone around the world. The one click component of the vision statement refers to easy access to information. The firm fulfills this component by offering innovative products, such as the easy-to-use Google Search. Thus, the company effectively follows its vision statement. What is Google’s Mission Statement? Google’s mission statement is “to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.” Ever since its beginnings, the company has focused on developing its proprietary algorithms to maximize effectiveness. Google continues to focus on ensuring that people access the information they need. As an every day user, you have to admit Google is utterly indispensable in your every day life. For every interference it is the one that helps a lot. That is why Google Search Engine is the best search engine in the world and it is also one of most popular product from Google. Almost 70 percent of Search Engine market has been acquired by Google. The tech giant has always trying to improve the search engine algorithm to provide best results to the end-user. Thus, the success of Google is directly connected to the efforts of the company to fulfill its mission statement and vision statement. So could anyone challenge Googles dominance?

The Prevalence Of Low Blood Pressure - 1645 Words

With the global population suffering from an unprecedented distortion of the traditional age distribution, discussion and scientific inquiry surrounding the nature and impacts of dementia among the aging and the elderly is becoming increasingly prevalent within the public eye. One such story, conducted by the Erasmus Medical Center and reported in a BBC News online report, examines the prevalence of dementia in relation to preceding low blood pressure (Mundasad, 2016). The article, as reflected in its concluding professional recommendations, aims to indicate low blood pressure complications as a potential factor in developing dementia, thus informing consumer healthcare decisions and contributing to an expanding body of medical knowledge. In describing this study, BBC health reporter Smitha Mundasad explains the nature of the original endeavor. Researchers from the Erasmus Medical Center in the Netherlands posed a topic of inquiry indulging the research question of whether frequent i ncidents of low blood pressure have any impact on one’s likelihood of contracting dementia over their lifetime (Mundasad, 2016). Their suspected alternate hypothesis states that frequent low-blood pressure incidents will increase the occurrence of dementia within their sample participants. It is important to note that this hypothesis is directional, as Mundasad mentions that previous research has linked high blood pressure to various forms of dementia (2016). Thus, researchers had grounds toShow MoreRelated High Blood Pressure Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesData from World health organization (2002), estimated that high blood pressure was the cause of death for more than 7 million individuals every year, affecting 972 million of world population which accounts for 26.4% in total, 26.6% of those are men and 26.1% are women. In addition 333 million of those in developed countries and 639 million in developing countries and responsible for 11% of all diseases burden in industr ial countries, it also estimated to be the case of death for more than 20% inRead MoreSchema of The Process of Studies1133 Words   |  4 Pagesabout prevalence and knowledge of physicians were clear as following: Hypertension prevalence increased ever more with age, with the exception of the oldest age group (≠¥75 years). In the youngest age group, hypertension was present in 7.8% of the population. The prevalence rate was 59.4% in the 65-74 age group[1]. The weighted national prevalence estimates suggest that 26.3% of all Egyptian adults 25 years of age and older were hypertensive [1]. Just (53.2%) had achieved controlled blood pressureRead MoreRisk Factors For Developing Cardiovascular Disease896 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s world, it seems there are a plethora of ailments. Diseases such as obesity, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose levels are a real concern for individuals. According to Prasanna Kumar (2011), the previously listed ailments are a cluster of individual illnesses that make up Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Therefore, MetS is not accepted as a disease, rather a syndrome with numerous risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes. Lawrence LawrenceRead MoreRisk Factors For Developing Cardiovascular Disease895 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s world, there is a plethora of ailments. Diseases such as obesity, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose levels are a real concern for individuals. According to Prasanna Kumar (2011), the previously listed ailments are a cluster of individual illnesses that make up Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Therefore, MetS is not accepted as a disease, rather a syndrome with numerous risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes. Lawrence Lawrence (2013) stateRead MoreThe Causes Of Non-Communicable Diseases ( NCD )1117 Words   |  5 Pagespassed from one person to another. NCDs are also called chronic diseases because they tend to be diseases that have long durations. The global burden of NCDs accounts for about 70% of all global deaths annually (WHO, 2017). The burden of NCDs affects low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) disproportionately when compared to high-income countries. With about three quarters of the global burden NCD deaths occur in LMICs (WHO, 2017). Cancers, cardiovascular diseases (such as stroke and heart attacks)Read MoreCardiovascular Disease ( Cvd ), High Blood Pressure, Congestive Heart Failure1662 Words   |  7 PagesThis literature review will cover 20 different articles and journals pertaining to cardiovascular disease (CVD), high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, hypertension and other coronary heart disease among the Muslim community. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is t he decreasing of blood flow due to condensing and toughening of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscles. A recent study found that every 33 seconds, there are death from CVD in the United States (ARA, 2004). The main problemsRead MoreThe Article, Timing And Type Of Alcohol Consumption And The Metabolic Syndrome By Bruna Angelo Vieira Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesConsumption and the Metabolic Syndrome by Bruna Angelo Vieira, Vivian Cristine Luft, Maria Inà ªs Schmidt, Lloyd Ellwood Chambless, Dora Chor, Sandhi Maria Barreto, Bruce BartholowDuncan, it discussed the correlation between alcohol consumption and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is the clustering of risk factors that predict the chances of having cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. These risk factors include obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and etc. According to theRead MoreHypertension : Risk Factor For Cardiovascular Disease1560 Words   |  7 PagesZuzana Bic I. Public Health Problem Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, has become a major risk factor for several types of heart disease across the globe. In the United States alone, nearly 70 million adults have been diagnosed with this condition [1]. Hypertension is a condition in which arterial walls experience extreme force from blood flowing through; long-term force against artery walls will lead to more serious health problems such as strokeRead MoreHealth Literacy Interventions And Its Impact On Diabetic Patient Health1454 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem in the US. High diabetic prevalence rates and negative health outcomes were linked with lack of health literacy among the population. Health literacy is necessary to create awareness and improve self management skills among the patients. This will help prevent diabetes and delay the complications associated with it through educated care choices and self management ability. This research focuses on health literacy interventionsRead MoreService Learning Project Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pagespersons from South America and their priorities in life as well as their consideration about health. This is my first time to help so many immigrant persons from South America check their blood pressure, height and body weight, and give them information about how to have access to free clinical and blood pressure control as well as weight management. I really thank Professor Raja, because it was she who gave us this precious experience to do serv ice for and know this special population in USA. Even

Choices Regarding The Attendance Of College Essay

Choices regarding the attendance of college can be challenging for just about anyone. Some believe that the four-year college experience is becoming increasingly obsolete and that it should be reserved for only the brightest citizens as most people are either uninterested or unfit for it. Charles Murray, author of â€Å"Are too Many People Going to College,† holds that the system of post-secondary education has become derailed from its initial purpose, and that the failure to acquire a B.A. has become wrongfully stigmatized. (235-244). In contrast, many posit that college is the prime opportunity for people to explore their potential and gain the economic and social liberty that comes with increased knowledge. Michelle Obama, author of the 2013 Bowie State Commencement Speech, asserts that a college education creates the opportunity for an individual to explore his or her own talents and abilities, thus allowing for freedom in career options, greater salaries, sociopolitical i nvolvement, even greater lifespans (289-291). College is as path that everyone with the opportunity and ability should pursue as it allows individuals to cultivate their personalities and expose themselves to subjects not seen in high school, all while creating a firm educational foundation that will aid in the search of jobs and development in careers as well making informed life choices such those pertaining to personal finance and politics. College is an opportunity that everyone who is willing and ableShow MoreRelatedChapel Attendance : Chapel, Chapel Analysis, And Worship Reflection894 Words   |  4 Pagessurvey as â€Å"Chapel Attendance†, â€Å"Chapel Analysis,† and â€Å"Worship reflection.† Chapel attendance criteria is composed with seven questions that asks of a student’s consistency in chapel attendance as Kuyper College does not require students from attending chapels. As a result, Kuyper College chapel struggled through its attendance rate at year 2014, recording lowest number of approximately 15 people or less out of around 250 student body. Fortunately, the number of chapel attendance at year 2015 is nowRead MoreUnderstanding the Impact of Higher Education1060 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding the Real Impact of Higher Education on Peoples Lives Abstract This paper explores the notion that college or higher education is something that is of real and meaningful benefit to everyone. An overview of cultural attitudes and messages regarding higher education is given, followed by the findings of research that present an understanding of why people select to go to college and receive a higher education, finding that aside from cultural pressures (which are substantial) monetary/employmentRead More Against Mandatory Attendance Policies in College Essay713 Words   |  3 Pages Mandatory Attendance Policies While studying or even registering for a class presents a challenge to some college students, the greatest obstacle remains, going to class. Attending college is supposed to signify a new found freedom to make many important choices regarding education without high school mandatory attendance policies. However, students everywhere are coming to the staggering realization that college is not too different from high school. Teachers still take class roll and studentsRead MoreMt Alverni The Most Viable Target Market1150 Words   |  5 Pagesbenefit the college. The event aims to connect the past and the present students of Mount Alvernia College to commemorate the school’s 60th anniversary. Consequently, the Elizabeth Hayes School and Alumni are the most viable target market. The Elizabeth Hayes students have been specifically selected as they have a deeper understanding of the college than the Francis or Clare Schools. Additionally, the Alumni obtain an equal appreciation of the college, and can share stories regarding the socio-culturalRead MoreSwot Analysis : Mark Emmert1721 Words   |  7 Pagesunderhanded activities that occur pervasively throughout the three collegiate divisions. Some such scandals have included the child sex charges brought against the Pennsylvania State University and overall academic misconduct amongst member colleges and universities. This is exactly where the current NCAA president, Mark Emmert is directing his focus: a return to a conservative adherence to the original mission statement, a strict disci plinary strategy against institutional scandals, and an overallRead MoreThe Needs Assessment Of High School Students1088 Words   |  5 Pagesof the problems from the high school is the graduation rate of 75% which is lower than the NYS overall high school graduation rate of 86%. 48% of the students plan to attend a four-year college in NYS, 8 percent plan to attend a four-year college out of state, 26 percent plan to attend a two year community college in NYS and 3 percent plan to attend post-secondary institutions in NYS. An important aspect from this high school are the teacher’s credentials. Two percent of the teachers do not haveRead MoreCase Study : Speeker V. South Bay County School District1041 Words   |  5 Pagescommunity wide health fair. The school set up a booth and asked their students to participate. The teachers gave extra credit to the students that attended the health fair, and the student would have to sign in at the schools booth to verify their attendance. Susie Speeker, a student at Oliver Wendell Holmes High School, attended the fair with her family. While at the community wide health fair, Susie held up a sign which stated marijuana should be legalized for compassionate use. A fellow student thatRead MoreThe American Council Of Education Essay1722 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents’ choices of which higher education institution they attend, how much that choice matters, and how college rankings contribute to those choices. These are important topics to mention becaus e unlike other parts of the world, the United States provides a large amount of variety in terms of higher education institutions. The Guide (2007) highlights this heterogeneity, but fails to discuss how the autonomy to choose which school one attends largely impacts one’s experience in college and beyondRead MoreThe Importance Of Teen Crime798 Words   |  4 Pageshuge role in whether or not they will commit crimes in their future. During a teens life they will experience road blocks or a depression in school affecting their learning and attendance which may be a threat to their actions knowing they are set up for failure. A big part regarding criminal behavior is a teens attendance and participation at school. Criminology data tying together uneducated children and juvenile crime shows a strong correlation. A 25 year long study of 1500 kids children in lowRead MoreMy Experience At Houston Community College899 Words   |  4 Pagesmiss it over there, but my intension for moving to the United States was to finish my masters and be in the best university and get a nice job in our country. I am living in Houston, Texas, and taking my pre – requested classes at Houston Community College (HCC). As follow my carrier, I have many opportunities here in Houston as this is developing City. The experience here studying is nothing like I would get in our native country. It was so surprising on the very first day of my collage when I saw

The Milky Way Free Essays

Large-Scale Universe to The Milky Way The Birth of Modern Cosmology Cosmology is the study of the structure and evolution of the universe (Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, Voit, 2010). Edwin Hubble is often credited with the birth of modern cosmology. He discovered that the Andromeda galaxy was in fact a separate galaxy from the Milky Way. We will write a custom essay sample on The Milky Way or any similar topic only for you Order Now By comparing various photographs taken over several nights and measuring the Cepheids and their luminosities, Hubble’s discovery changed the way we view the universe today. However, this was not the only discovery Hubble made that aided in the development of modern cosmology. In 1929, Hubble’s research of Andromeda and other galaxies led to a dramatic discover concerning the size of the universe. Based on the distance of a galaxy, Hubble discovered that the redshift was greater. A greater redshift indicates that the object is moving away and this led to the discovery that our universe is expanding. The Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory is a theory that states that the universe was once in a hot, dense form of matter and radiation which expanded rapidly. The expansion and cooling of this matter allowed the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched a satellite known as the Cosmic Background Explorer to test the theory of the Big Bang Theory. Astronomers believed that the universe puts off its own heat and as a result, should be able to produce a perfect thermal radiation spectrum (Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, Voit, 2010). The results aided in the support of the Big Bang Theory. Milky Way Structure 583 References Bennett, J. , Donahue, M. , Schneider, N. , Voit, M. (2012). The Cosmic Perspective (6th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. How to cite The Milky Way, Essay examples

Mountain Essays - Gorillas, Mountain Gorilla,

Mountain Gorillas Half man and half beast - this is what is usually said about the gorilla. They say that the gorilla is related to us. You can find mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes, which are located on the boundaries of Zaire, Rwanda, and Uganda. The Virungas are 600 miles of tropical rainforest. You'll find then roaming around 7,800 and 11,000 feet, but at low elevations. The gorillas live in units. Most of the units consist of about 6-12 members in it, most of them being related in some way. With each unit, there is a leader, usually an old silverback, who was a virtual dictator. A silverback male has large canines and he may weigh 400 pounds. He is the one who decides when to proceed, and when to stop, and which direction to go. When he sleeps, everyone else is supposed to be sleeping to, and then he gives a signal to wake up. When the old silverback gets too old, then his eldest son usually is the one to take over. The females are usually responsible for the nursing portion in the unit. Gorillas are peaceful and tolerant by nature. Whenever two groups meet, they either ignore each other, or they give each other a grumpy grunt. Sometimes the two groups would even stay together, and then eventually separate. There are many rumors about gorillas being very violent, but there are no reports about it. There are times when they have little mock fights, but there is never any blood shed in them. Right now there are not too many mountain gorillas you will find in the Virungas. Their population is only in the hundreds. In 1960, there was an estimated 450 gorillas still remaining in two isolated habitats. In a 1981 census, it gave a figure of about 254 gorillas. Right now there is somewhere between 400-450 mountain gorillas that have survived. There are so few of these creatures for many reasons. There are many poachers who kill the gorillas for their head or hands to sell to tourists as a souvenir, or hunter that kill them to have a trophy. With so much of this going on, the rangers of the parks so not think there will be anymore of these gorillas left by the end of the century. There have been a few projects and conservation groups made to save this endangered species. The Washington-based African Wildlife Foundation, started a program in the parks on park security, to prevent as much poaching. The tourist program also developed rapidly. They went from 1,352 paid visitors in 1978 to 5,790 in 1984. With the help of the money from tourism, they were able to start some programs on the conservation of the mountain gorillas. The basic issues of the groups and programs are human population and the way land is used. The future for the gorillas look very bleak. Illegal logging, gold prospecting, and hunting has become more and more popular where the gorillas live. To assure gorillas a future will require a dedication that can not just be done through projects or even years or centuries, but it takes a commitment for the rest of eternity. Bibliography Baumgartel, Walter. Up Among the Mountain Gorillas. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1976. Fossey, Dian. Gorillas in the Mist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983. Patterson, Francine. The Education of Koko. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1981. Schaller, George B. Gorilla: Struggle for Survival in the Virungas. New York: Aperture Book, 1989.

The Five Main Types of Adverbs in English

The Five Main Types of Adverbs in English Adverbs are one of the  eight parts of speech  and  are used to modify verbs. They can describe how, when, where, and how often something is done. Here is a guide to the five types of adverbs. Adverbs of Manner Adverbs of manner provide information on how someone does something. Adverbs of manner are most often used with action verbs. Adverbs of manner include:  slowly, fast, carefully, carelessly, effortlessly, urgently, etc.  Adverbs of manner can be placed at the end of sentences or directly before or after the verb.   Examples Jack drives very carefully.He won the tennis match effortlessly.She slowly opened the present.   Adverbs of Time and Frequency Adverbs of time provide information on when something happens. Adverbs of time can express a specific time such as  in two days, yesterday, three weeks ago, etc.  Adverbs of time are usually placed at the end of sentences, though they sometimes begin a sentence. Examples Well let you know our decision next week.I flew to Dallas three weeks ago.Yesterday, I received a letter from my friend in Belfast. Adverbs of frequency are similar to adverbs of time except that they express how often something happens. Adverbs of frequency are placed before the main verb. They are placed after the verb be.  Here is a list of the most common adverbs of frequency beginning with the most often to the least often: alwaysalmost alwaysusuallyoftensometimesoccasionallyseldom  rarelyalmost nevernever Examples He seldom takes a vacation.Jennifer occasionally goes to the movies.Tom is never late for work.   Adverbs of Degree Adverbs of degree provide information concerning how much of something is done. These adverbs are often placed at the end of a sentence. Examples They like playing golf a lot.She decided that she doesnt enjoy watching TV at all.  She nearly flew to Boston, but decided not to go in the end.   Adverbs of Place Adverbs of place tell us where something happened. They include works such as  nowhere, anywhere, outside, everywhere, etc.   Examples Tom will go anywhere with his dog.Youll find that there is nowhere like home.She found the box outside.   Formation Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an adjective. quiet - quietly, careful - carefully, careless - carelessly Adjectives ending in -le change to -ly. possible - possibly, probable - probably, incredible - incredibly Adjectives ending in -y change to -ily. lucky - luckily, happy - happily, angry - angrily Adjectives ending in -ic change to -ically. basic - basically, ironic - ironically, scientific - scientifically Some adjectives are irregular. good - well, hard - hard, fast -fast Sentence Placement Adverbs of Manner: Adverbs of manner are placed after the verb or entire expression (at the end of the sentence). Their teacher speaks quickly. Adverbs of Time: Adverbs of time are placed after the verb or entire expression (at the end of the sentence). She visited her friends last year. Adverbs of Frequency: Adverbs of frequency are placed before the main verb (not the auxiliary verb). He often goes to bed late. Do you sometimes get up early? Adverbs of Degree: Adverbs of degree are placed after the verb or entire expression (at the end of the sentence). Shell attend the meeting as well. Adverbs of place: Adverbs of place are generally placed at the end of a sentence. She walked out of the room to nowhere.   Important Exceptions Some adverbs are placed at the beginning of a sentence to provide more emphasis. Now you tell me you cant come! Adverbs of frequency are placed after the verb to be when used as the main verb of the sentence. Jack is often late for work. Some adverbs of frequency (sometimes, usually, normally) are also placed at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis. Sometimes I visit my friends in London.

The Longevity of the Persian Empire

The Longevity of the Persian Empire The original Persian (or Achaemenid) empire, as established by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century B.C., only lasted approximately 200 years until the death of Darius III in 330 B.C., following his defeat by Alexander the Great. The core territories of the empire were then ruled by Macedonian dynasties, primarily the Seleucids, until the late 2nd century BC. During the early 2nd century B.C., however, the Parthians (who were not Persians but rather descended from a branch of the Scythians) set up a new kingdom in eastern Iran, originally in a breakaway province of the Seleucid empire. Over the next half-century, they gradually took over much of the rest of what had once been Persian-controlled territory, adding Media, Persia, and Babylonia to their holdings. Roman writers of the early imperial period sometimes refer to this or that emperor going to war with Persia, but this is really a poetic or archaic way of referring to the Parthian kingdom. Sassanid Dynasty The Parthians (also referred to as the Arsacid dynasty) remained in control until the early 3rd century A.D., but by that time their state was seriously weakened by in-fighting and they were overthrown by the native Persian Sassanid dynasty, who were militant Zoroastrians. According to Herodian, the Sassanids laid claim to all the territory once ruled by the Achaemenids (much of which was now in Roman hands) and, at least for propaganda purposes, decided to pretend that the 550 years since the death of Darius III had never happened! They continued to whittle away at Roman territory for the next 400 years, eventually coming to control most of the provinces once ruled by Cyrus et al. This all fell apart, however, when the Roman emperor Heraclius launched a successful counter-invasion in A.D. 623-628, which threw the Persian state into total chaos from which it never recovered. Shortly afterward, the Muslim hordes invaded and Persia lost its independence until the 16th century when the Safavid dynasty came to power. Facade of Continuity The Shahs of Iran maintained the pretense of an unbroken continuity from the days of Cyrus, and the last one holding a huge pageant in 1971 to celebrate the 2500th anniversary of the Persian empire, but he wasnt fooling anyone familiar with the history of the region. While the Persian Empire seems to have eclipsed all others, Persia was a great power in 400 B.C. and controlled much of the Ionian coast. We also hear of Persia much later at the time of Hadrian and, by all accounts, Rome avoided prolonged conflict with this rival power.

Review of an Academic Research Paper Literature Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Of an Academic Research Paper - Literature review Example Abstract: The purpose of an abstract is to provide the audience with a clear idea of the contents of the paper, where the authors describe the purpose of the paper, the research methodology used and a brief discussion of the findings, discussions and recommendations, if any. In this context, the article under review clearly brings out the fact that many previous studies on educational validity of gaming simulations â€Å"have been inconclusive† (Stainton et al, 2010, p.705). Thus, the authors inform the audience that their study has considered this aspect and it will â€Å"provide a foundation for future educational validity studies† (p.705). The abstract in this case, therefore, serves its intended purpose as per academic conventions. Introduction: Though the authors do not segregate and assign a separate section for introduction, they introduce the topic in the beginning stating that the study â€Å"proposes a methodology framework for assessing the educational valid ity of business gaming solution† (p.705). The authors further identify â€Å"total enterprise simulation† (TES) as a â€Å"credible learning tool† that can justify the time and cost invested by the students (p.705-706). Thus, the readers, right from the outset of the paper are able to understand the contents and take a decision whether to read the complete article or not, which is the purpose of the introduction in a paper. Theoretical Framework: The authors concede to the fact that â€Å"simulations are not an accurate representation of the real world† and identify this problem as the reason for their validity (p.707). Further, they also contend that the â€Å"knowledge and biases of the designer† also â€Å"distort† the learning potential of the simulations, which contributes to the difficulty and complexity in achieving the learning objectives (p.707). Their current study is based on these premises and the research attempts to find alterna tives to address these issues. The authors further argue that learners require sufficient time to â€Å"reflect on engaging experiences† coupled with motivation and feedback so as to ingest the learning effectively (p.709). Thus, they attempt to design a research methodology framework for addressing the problems in the â€Å"design, implementation, and implementation† of gaming simulations, through their study (p.709). They also feel there is an absence of a definite process for the design, implementation and validation of a TES and, therefore, they propose the need for the formulation of certain â€Å"theoretical propositions† and list them in the theoretical framework of the paper (p.710). By clearly bringing out the problems associated with the process of validating the gaming solutions in learning and identifying the specific theoretical frameworks to address these issues, the authors have clearly spelled out their objectives in the paper. Thus, from an acad emic perspective, the article provides the readers with all necessary information required by them to understand the theoretical framework on the paper. Research Design and Instruments: The authors propose a â€Å"multi-case study research design† that addresses the validity and reliability issues for the purpose of their study (p.711). In this context, it can be understood that case studies are effective tools for evaluating the

Management of Selling Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management of Selling - Case Study Example These measures would be particularly helpful because it would gain the co-operation of the sales force during the investigation process, which would provide more satisfactory results. Oldroyd would require the following information: An insight of the highly dissatisfied A and B accounts who are about to move out from the customer list. This would help Oldroyd to know the problems of the company in detail and its product acceptance in the market. By accompanying the sales force to gather this information will not only ensure their co-operation but they would also feel that their boss is by their side in difficult times. Oldroyd will gain confidence of his sales force in this way. The salesmen are sure that the salary would keep on increasing even if they make minimal effort in getting fresh orders as they have spent a number of years with the company which is well above the average duration of stay for sales people in the industry. Hence there is no pressure on the sales force as job security is high. There is no scheme of incentive for those who get the highest number of orders or for those who over perform. There is also no system of cutting some amount of money from the salary due to underperformance. So each month the salary of the sales force is guaranteed even if they under perform. ... The inner feelings of each salesman and their complaints if any. 2. There are many disadvantages in the way the sales force is currently organised. They are as follows: It is difficult to properly monitor the sales force The salesmen are sure that the salary would keep on increasing even if they make minimal effort in getting fresh orders as they have spent a number of years with the company which is well above the average duration of stay for sales people in the industry. Hence there is no pressure on the sales force as job security is high. Sale in the company is due to 10 years of brand reputation in the market and not due to any effort by the sales force. There is no scheme of incentive for those who get the highest number of orders or for those who over perform. There is also no system of cutting some amount of money from the salary due to underperformance. So each month the salary of the sales force is guaranteed even if they under perform. Hence each of them is assured of his own personal income and do not bother about the company's overall growth. Since there is no incentive scheme, in the words of Dive (2005, p. 13) there is "slow reaction to customers and competitions" which results in "quality work not being done.." There is rather unclear or total lack of vision for the sales force. They themselves are not sure where they are heading. 3. In the next six months Stephen Oldroyd can improve the sales performance of his company in the following ways: He should set up a future course of action and communicate it effectively to the sales force. He should demonstrate his best planning skills because the sales department of Supplies-4-Gardens seriously

Legal Issues Surrounding First Aid Essay -- essays research papers

First aid is the initial care given to a sick or injured person before more formal medical assistance is applied. The goal of first aid is to intervene actively to prevent further damage, to provide life support, and to begin effective treatment of the victim's condition, to minimize injury and prevent death. Although first aid is not a substitute for medical care, those trained in first aid are able to assess the nature and the extent of an emergency and determine the best course of action to take until professional medical help arrives. The need for training in first aid is evident, considering that injury is the fourth leading cause of death. Falls are the most common cause of injury, but motor vehicle accidents are the most lethal, accounting for 22 percent of injury deaths. An important thing to know when dealing with a first aid situation is to be up to date as far as procedures are concerned. Procedures like slapping a choking person on the back, putting iodine on a wound, cutting an X on a snake bite, putting ointment on burns, or using a tourniquet to stop bleeding are old, out dated procedures and have been replaced by new ones from the Red Cross association. If you decide to administer first aid, be sure you are familiar with current procedures. First aid begins with a scene survey. Before approaching a victim, a survey of the area is necessary to determine if conditions surrounding the incident may place the victim and the rescuer in danger. Next, the primary survey will determine if lifesaving procedures must be immediately performed to save the victim's life. The primary survey involves checking the ABC's: A: Is the airway opened and the victim's neck stabilized? B: Is the patient breathing? C: Is the victim's blood circulating? Is there a pulse? Or is there active bleeding? Lifesaving procedures include cardiopulmonary resuscitation , which may be needed to provide basic life support when a victim has no pulse and is not breathing. The Heimlich maneuver aids choking victims by forcing ejection of obstructing material from the windpipe. The severity of spinal cord injuries has decreased 30-45 percent due to awareness that the neck must be stabilized before moving the accident victim. External bleeding is controlled by direct pressure and elevation of the bleeding site. The secondary survey is a total body examination, ... ...ng. The careful use of this skill and training will not only enhance the physical welfare of the persons you care for but will also enhance your own legal welfare. On a closing note, here is a copy of Indiana's Good Samaritan Law as an example of almost every other states Good Samaritan Law. "From and after the effective date of this act, no civil action can be brought against a person licensed to practice the healing arts in the state of Indiana, who has gratuitously rendered first aid or emergency care at the scene of an accident, casualty or disaster to a person injured therein, for the recovery of civil damages as a result of any act or omission by the said person rendering such first aid or emergency care in the rendering of such first aid or emergency care. This immunity does not apply to acts or omissions constituting gross negligence or willful or wanton misconduct." As you can see, there is essentially nothing to lose if you administer first aid as long as you try your best to help and know what you are doing. Keep in mind that helping someone in a life and death matter is a very big commitment, so make sure you are willing to do so before you act.

Project Report on K.W.H. Meters

A SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON K. W. H. METERS Prepared by :- Devesh Kumar, 303956 (3rd year) CONTENTS * Certificate * Acknowledgement * Introduction of training * Company Profile * Products of BENTEX * Quality Policy and processes of BENTEX * Electricity meter * Direct current (DC) * Alternating current (AC) * Unit of measurement * Others Unit of measurement * Types of meters 1. Electromechanical meters 2. Electronic meters * Communication * Solid – state design * Multiple tariff (variable rate) meters * Domestic usage * United kingdom Commercial usage * Appliance energy meters * In – home energy use display * Smart meters * Prepayment meters * Time of day metering * Power export metering * Ownership * Location * Customer drop and metering equation * Tempering and security * Self evaluation ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am very thankful to Mr. A. K. shrivastava (GM/ SPD) for providing Me the opportunity to undergo the practical training in the Systems Production Division (SPD) of SKN Bentex Limited under the Supervision of Mr. S. C. Gupta (CM). They all guided me from ime to time and gave me dynamic ideas and suggestions by which I am able to complete my training successfully. I also want to thank all the visible and non-visible hands, which helped me to complete the practical training with great success. Introduction of training Training is a process of learning. Training is an organized procedure during which people learn knowledge and skill for the definite purpose. It is a short-term process utilizing a systematic and organized procedure in which non-managerial personnel learn technical knowledge and skills for adefinite purpose.It refers to instruction in technical and mechanical  operations like operation of a machine. It is for a short duration and for a  specific job related purpose. Training is very difficult from education. Training is vocational where as education is general. Training is job-oriented whereas education is person-oriented. However, it is difficult in practice to differentiate between education and training because in many cases both of them occur  Ã‚  simultaneously. The two are complementary and both involve development  of talent and human potential. Generally, every level needs training.Training is not something that is done once to new employees; it needs to be done continuously. Importance of training †¢ Training leads to higher productivity. †¢ It leads to better quality of work. †¢   It leads to cost reduction. †¢ It leads to high motivation and morale of employees. †¢ The organizational climate gets improved. †¢Ã‚   It leads to self-satisfaction of the employees. †¢ Supervision gets reduced. †¢Ã‚   It leads to good cordial relation between employer and employee. †¢   It leads to development of new skills in the employees. Scope of summer trainingThis summer training programs are designed for the students to master their technical skills. this summer training should include the following objectives- * Correlate courses of study with the way industry or potential work place operates its business or work using technology. * work on implementing what has been learned in school or college. The engineering and professional courses including MCA, B. E. , B. TECH, BCA amongst other have undergraduates needing internship in fields of computer science, electrical and electronics, mechanical, civil, bio informatics, etc.The students for professional programs are required as a  part of courses to undergo a few weeks the individual's tastes by improving their experience and making them reach a  good enough company or workplace just in time. This training can result in learning of open source technology as a user of technology. That technology can be applied to improve the college infra-structure. The objective of training in Modern Office Practice is to  give a perspective about the organization and functioning of all the areas of ma nagement in an industrial unit. Company profileA journey that started 46years back at BENTEX – kelsons, today has reached new high in customer’s delight . During the Years ,it has achieved milestones one after the other and established its forte in Electrical Industry with widespread trust goodwill. Driven by the sheer passion , exceptional foresight and acumen, Bentex has become a name to reckon with the flawless performance of products like starters, meters, MCB's and switchgear etc. These Products are manufactured in state-of-the-art plant and passed through stringent quality control tests. Not to mention , Bentex products are rated among the best in industry.Little surprise that BENTEX – KELSONS products have crossed barriers to reach all corners of India and also Sri Lank, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Nepal etc. The Other Strength of the company is its vast presence through 750strong dealers network, which enables the company to meet demands of any magnitude. At BE NTEX – KELSONS , The relentless pursuit is to exceed all expectations of customers†¦. and that is indeed the inspiration behind its growth. Thriving on technology and innovation, we are an eminent manufacturer of premium quality precision components of plastic and rubber for tractors, automobile and engineering industry.We attribute our success to sharp business acumen and valuable experience of our work force. Durability, high precision, superior quality, consistent performance & smooth finish are the hallmark of our products. We have consistently increased our client base by meeting the client needs in terms of cost and performance goals. Our machine shop is equipped with fully automatic injection molding machines of gold coin, all plas and IHI make of various capacities. We have facilities for ultrasonic & hot plate welding having our own tool room with Electra spark erosion machine to make moulds in-house.We are O. E. M to many automobile, auto electrical, tractor an d other reputed manufacturers and wish to serve our clients by supplying custom molded rubber and plastic components of high precision and best quality. Name of CEO Mr. S. C. Gupta Year of Est. 1983 Primary Business Type Manufacturers & Exporters Products We Offer Impellers, Oil Seals, Plastic Automobile Components, Plastic Industrial Products, Plastic Tractor Parts, Rubber Bellows, Rubber Hose Pipes. Products of ‘BENTEX' Fly wheel * Reducton gear box * Pinion Stand| | | | | * Straightening machine * Mill stand * Gear coupling * Roll * Foundation rail * Pusher and ejector * V – belt pulley * Shearing machine * Rotary shear * Roller guide box and twist pipe * Bullet shearing * Pinch roll * Twisting machine * Gears * End cutting * Rotary shearing swivel * Universal couplings * Horizontal shearing Quality Policy / Processes â€Å"SKN-BENTEX† Group products are at the forefront of innovation in industrial and agricultural field for protection and control of Electric Motor.We are the pioneers and leaders in our field with latest international engineering products based on the world’s best technology since last four decades. â€Å"SKN-BENTEX † Group has a rich history of success, which has been achieved through dedication, teamwork and visionary thinking and sincere service of pride in result oriented performance. â€Å"SKN-BENTEX† Group has been continuously restructuring to set up state-of-the-art electrical products manufactured at their own plants under strict quality control standard.In this thrust , most of group companies adopted International Quality Standard and have been certified for ISO-9001 Certification and products are also available on ISI-Marked. The SKN-BENTEX Group of Companies engaged in wide range of products and has mainly three subgroups of electrical product range such as â€Å" SKN†, â€Å"SKN† Bentex Linger â€Å"BENTEX-Linger† with their separate products line and â€Å"SKN-BEN TEX † Group is a collection of smaller companies specialist in a specific range of products. Besides this â€Å"SKN-BENTEX † group engaged in the field of, LPG Home Appliances, LPG Regulators, Building Construction and Export Activities.The complete manufacturing operation, marketing and installation Services of the company are certified under ISO 9001: 2000. The company has Enunciated the following quality policy to meet customer needs and expectations Through supply of quality products and services. â€Å"BENTEX is committed to strive for leadership in the product marketed by the way of continuous improvements in the quality of its products and services and meeting the consumers needs in time and every time at a competitive Price.These shall be achieved through continuous upgrading of technology and process improvement by involving all the employees, vendors, dealers and customers†. â€Å"Quality is our basic business principle. † Fact chart :- Year of E stablishment 1983 Nature of Business Manufacturer, Exporter Number of Employees 51 to 100 People Major Markets Indian Subcontinent, East Asia, Middle East and South East Asia Quality objective :- * On time delivery of defect free products. Providing effective customer support. * Continual improvement of processes. * Improvement of infrastructure. * Development of human resources. Electricity meter An electricity meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically powered device. Electricity meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour [kWh]. Periodic readings of electric meters establishes billing cycles and energy used during a cycle.In settings when energy savings during certain periods are desired, meters may measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. â€Å"Time of day† metering allows electric rates to be changed during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-cost, periods. Also, in some areas meters have relays for demand response shedding of loads during peak load periods. (analog electricity meter Typical North American domestic) (Typical North American domestic digital electricity meter) Direct current (DC)As commercial use of electric energy spread in the 1880s, it became increasingly important that an electric energy meter, similar to the then existing gas meters, was required to properly bill customers for the cost of energy, instead of billing for a fixed number of lamps per month. Many experimental types of meter were developed. Edison at first worked on a DC electromechanical meter with a direct reading register, but instead developed an electrochemical metering system, which used an electrolytic cell to totalize current consumption.At periodic intervals the plates were removed, weighed, and the customer billed. The electrochemical meter was labor-intensive to read and not well received by customers. In 1885 Ferranti offered a mercury motor meter with a register similar to gas meters; this had the advantage that the consumer could easily read the meter and verify consumption. The first accurate, recording electricity consumption meter was a DC meter by Dr Hermann Aaron, who patented it in 1883. Hugo Hurst of the British General Electric Company introduced it commercially into Great Britain from 1888.Meters had been used prior to this, but they measured the rate of energy consumption at that particular moment, i. e. the electric power. Aaron's meter recorded the total energy used over time, and showed it on a series of clock dials. In the USA, Elcho Thomson perfected his ‘recording wattmeter' in 1889. Alternating current (AC) The first specimen of the AC kilowatt-hour meter produced on the basis of Hungarian Bath's patent and named after him was presented by the Ganz Works at the Frankfurt Fair in the autumn of 1889, and the first induct ion kilowatt-hour meter was already marketed by the factory at the end of the same year.These were the first alternating-current watt meters, known by the name of Blathy-meters. The AC kilowatt hour meters used at present operate on the same principle as Blathy's original invention, Also around 1889, Elihu Thomson of the American General Electric company developed a recording watt meter (watt-hour meter) based on an ironless commentator motor. This meter overcame the disadvantages of the electrochemical type and could operate on either alternating or direct current.In 1894 Oliver Shallenberger of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation applied the induction principle previously used, only in AC ampere-hour meters to produce a watt-hour meter of the modern electromechanical form, using an induction disk whose rotational speed was made proportional to the power in the circuit. The Blathy meter was similar to Shallenberger and Thomson meter in that they are two-phase motor meter. Althoug h the induction meter would only work on alternating current, it eliminated the delicate and troublesome commutator of the Thomson design.Shallenberger fell ill and was unable to refine his initial large and heavy design, although he did also develop a polyphase version. Unit of measurement (Panel-mounted solid state electricity meter, connected to a 2 MVA electricity substation. Remote current and voltage sensors can be read and programmed remotely by modem and locally by infra-red. The circle with two dots is the infra-red port. Tamper-evident seals can be seen) Panel-mounted solid state electricity meter, connected to a 2 MVA electricity substation. Remote current and voltage sensors can be read and programmed remotely by modem and locally by infra-red.The circle with two dots is the infra-red port. Tamper-evident seals can be seen. The most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter is the kilowatt hour [kWh], which is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over a period of one hour, or 3,600,000 joules. Some electricity companies use the SI mega joule instead. Demand is normally measured in watts, but averaged over a period, most often a quarter or half hour. Reactive owner is measured in â€Å"thousands of volt-ampere reactive-hours†, (kvarh). By convention, a â€Å"lagging† or inductive load, such as a motor, will have positive reactive power.A â€Å"leading†, or capacitive load, will have negative reactive power. Volt-amperes measures all power passed through a distribution network, including reactive and actual. This is equal to the product of root-mean-square volts and amperes. Distortion of the electric current by loads is measured in several ways. Power factor is the ratio of resistive (or real power) to volt-amperes. A capacitive load has a leading power factor, and an inductive load has a lagging power factor. A purely resistive load (such as a filament lamp, heater or kettle) exhibits a power f actor of 1.Current harmonics are a measure of distortion of the wave form. For example, electronic loads such as computer power supplies draw their current at the voltage peak to fill their internal storage elements. This can lead to a significant voltage drop near the supply voltage peak which shows as a flattening of the voltage waveform. This flattening causes odd harmonics which are not permissible if they exceed specific limits, as they are not only wasteful, but may interfere with the operation of other equipment. Harmonic emissions are mandated by law in EU and other countries to fall within specified limits.Other units of measurement In addition to metering based on the amount of energy used, other types of metering are available. Meters which measured the amount of charge (coulombs) used, known as ampere-hour meters, were used in the early days of electrification. These were dependent upon the supply voltage remaining constant for accurate measurement of energy usage, which was not a likely circumstance with most supplies. Some meters measured only the length of time for which charge flowed, with no measurement of the magnitude of voltage or current being made.These were only suited for constant-load applications. Neither type is likely to be used today. Types of meters Electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage (volts) and current (amperes) and finding the product of these to give instantaneous electrical power (watts) which is then integrated against time to give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc. ). Meters for smaller services (such as small residential customers) can be connected directly in-line between source and customer.For larger loads, more than about 200 ampere of load, current transformers are used, so that the meter can be located other than in line with the service conductors. The meters fall into two basic categories, electromechanical and electronic. Electromechanical meters The most common typ e of electricity meter is the electromechanical induction watt-hour meter. The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of an aluminum disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power. The number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage.The voltage coil consumes a small and relatively constant amount of power, typically around 2 watts which is not registered on the meter. The current coil similarly consumes a small amount of power in proportion to the square of the current flowing through it, typically up to a couple of watts at full load, which is registered on the meter. The metallic disc is acted upon by two coils. One coil is connected in such a way that it produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the voltage and the other produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the current. The field of the voltage coil is delayed by 90 degrees using a lag coil.This produces eddy currents in the disc and the effect is such that a force is exerted on the disc in proportion to the product of the instantaneous current and voltage. A permanent magnet exerts an opposing force proportional to the speed of rotation of the disc. The equilibrium between these two opposing forces results in the disc rotating at a speed proportional to the power being used. The disc drives a register mechanism which integrates the speed of the disc over time by counting revolutions, much like the odometer in a car, in order to render a measurement of the total energy used over a period of time.The type of meter described above is used on a single-phase AC supply. Different phase configurations use additional voltage and current coils. (Mechanism of electromechanical induction meter. 1 – Voltage coil – many turns of fine wire encased in plastic, connected in parallel with load. 2 – Current coil – three turns of thick wire, connected in series with load. 3 – Stator – concentrates and confines mag netic field. 4 – Aluminum rotor disc. 5 – rotor brake magnets. 6 – spindle with worm gear. 7 – display dials – note that the 1/10, 10 and 1000 dials rotate clockwise while the 1, 100 and 10000 dials rotate counter-clockwise)Three-phase electromechanical induction meter, metering 100 A 230/400 V supply. Horizontal aluminum rotor disc is visible in center of meter. The aluminum disc is supported by a spindle which has a worm gear which drives the register. The register is a series of dials which record the amount of energy used. The dials may be of the cyclometer type, an odometer-like display that is easy to read where for each dial a single digit is shown through a window in the face of the meter, or of the pointer type where a pointer indicates each digit.With the dial pointer type, adjacent pointers generally rotate in opposite directions due to the gearing mechanism. The amount of energy represented by one revolution of the disc is denoted by th e symbol which is given in units of watt-hours per revolution. The value 7. 2 is commonly seen. Using the value of , one can determine their power consumption at any given time by timing the disc with a stopwatch. If the time in seconds taken by the disc to complete one revolution is , then the power in watts is . For example, if , as above, and one revolution took place in 14. seconds, the power is 1800 watts. This method can be used to determine the power consumption of household devices by switching them on one by one. Most domestic electricity meters must be read manually, whether by a representative of the power company or by the customer. an odometer-like display that is easy to read where for each dial a single digit is shown through a window in the face of the meter, or of the pointer type where a pointer indicates each digit. With the dial pointer type, adjacent pointers generally rotate in opposite directions due to the gearing mechanism.Where the customer reads the meter, the reading may be supplied to the power company by telephone, post or over the internet. The electricity company will normally require a visit by a company representative at least annually in order to verify customer-supplied readings and to make a basic safety check of the meter. In an induction type meter, creep is a phenomenon that can adversely affect accuracy, that occurs when the meter disc rotates continuously with potential applied and the load terminals open circuited. A test for error due to creep is called a creep test. Three-phase electromechanical induction meter, metering 100 A 230/400 V supply. Horizontal aluminum rotor disc is visible in center of meter) Electronic meters Electronic meters display the energy used on an LCD or LED display, and can also transmit readings to remote places. In addition to measuring energy used, electronic meters can also record other parameters of the load and supply such as maximum demand, power factor and reactive power used etc. The y can also support time-of-day billing, for example, recording the amount of energy used during on-peak and off-peak hours. Basic block diagram of an electronic energy meter) Communication Remote meter reading is a practical example of telemetry. It saves the cost of a human meter reader and the resulting mistakes, but it also allows more measurements, and remote provisioning. Many smart meters now include a switch to interrupt or restore service. Historically, rotating meters could report their power information remotely, using a pair of contact closures attached to a KYZ line. A KYZ interface is a kind of quadrature encoder. In a KYZ interface, the Y and Z wires are switch contacts, shorted to K for half of a rotor's circumference.To measure the rotor direction, the Z signal is offset by 90 degrees from the Y. When the rotor rotates in the opposite direction, showing export of power, the sequence reverses. The time between pulses measures the demand. The number of pulses is total power usage. KYZ outputs were historically attached to â€Å"totalize relays† feeding a â€Å"totalize† so that many meters could be read all at once in one place. KYZ outputs are also the classic way of attaching electric meters to programmable logic controllers, HVACs or other control systems.Some modern meters also supply a contact closure that warns when the meter detects a demand near a higher electricity tariff, to improve demand side management. Some meters have an open collector output that gives 32-100 ms pulses for a constant amount of used electrical energy. Usually 1000-10000 pulses per kWh. Output is limited to max 27 V DC and 27 mA DC. The output usually follows the DIN 43864 standard. Often, meters designed for semi-automated reading have a serial port on that communicates by infrared LED through the faceplate of the meter.In some apartment buildings, a similar protocol is used, but in a wired bus using a serial current loop to connect all the meters to a single plug. The plug is often near the mailboxes. In the European Union, the most common infrared and protocol is â€Å"FLAG†, a simplified subset of mode C of IEC 61107. In the U. S. and Canada, the favored infrared protocol is ANSI C12. 18. Some industrial meters use a protocol for programmable logic controllers (Modbus). One protocol proposed for this purpose is DLMS/COSEM which can operate over any medium, including serial ports.The data can be transmitted by Zigbee, Wi-Fi, telephone lines or over the power lines themselves. Some meters can be read over the internet. Other more modern protocols are also becoming widely used. Electronic meters now use low-power radio, GSM, GPRS, Bluetooth, IrDA, as well as RS-485 wired link. The meters can now store the entire usage profiles with time stamps and relay them at a click of a button. The demand readings stored with the profiles accurately indicate the load requirements of the customer.This load profile data is processed at the utilities for billing and planning purposes. AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) and RMR (Remote Meter Reading) describe various systems that allow meters to be checked without the need to send a meter reader out. An electronic meter can transmit its readings by telephone line or radio to a central billing office. Automatic meter reading can be done with GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) modems, one is attached to each meter and the other is placed at the central utility office. Solid-state designAs in the block diagram, the meter has a power supply, a metering engine, a processing and communication engine (i. e. a microcontroller), and other add-on modules such as RTC, LCD display, communication ports/modules and so on. The metering engine is given the voltage and current inputs and has a voltage reference, samplers and quantizes followed by an ADC section to yield the digitized equivalents of all the inputs. These inputs are then processed using a Digital Signal Processo r to calculate the various metering parameters such as powers, energies etc.The largest source of long-term errors in the meter is drift in the preamp, followed by the precision of the voltage reference. Both of these vary with temperature as well, and vary wildly because most meters are outdoors. Characterizing and compensating for these is a major part of meter design. The processing and communication section has the responsibility of calculating the various derived quantities from the digital values generated by the metering engine. This also has the responsibility of communication using various protocols and interface with other add-on modules connected as slaves to it.RTC and other add-on modules are attached as slaves to the processing and communication section for various input/output functions. On a modern meter most if not all of this will be implemented inside the microprocessor, such as the Real Time Clock (RTC), LCD controller, temperature sensor, memory and analog to di gital converters. (Solid state electricity meter used in a home in the Netherlands) Multiple tariff (variable rate) meters Electricity retailers may wish to charge customers different tariffs at different times of the day to better reflect the costs of generation and transmission.Since it is typically not cost effective to store significant amounts of electricity during a period of low demand for use during a period of high demand, costs will vary significantly depending on the time of day. Low cost generation capacity (base load) such as nuclear can take many hours to start, meaning a surplus in times of low demand, whereas high cost but flexible generating capacity (such as gas turbines) must be kept available to respond at a moment's notice (spinning reserve) to peak demand, perhaps being used for a few minutes per day, which is very expensive.Some multiple tariff meters use different tariffs for different amounts of demand. These are usually industrial meters. Domestic usage Dom estic variable-rate meters generally permit two to three tariffs (â€Å"peak†, â€Å"off-peak† and â€Å"shoulder†) and in such installations a simple electromechanical time switch may be used. Historically, these have often been used in conjunction with electrical storage heaters or hot water storage systems. Multiple tariffs are made easier by time of use (TOU) meters which incorporate or are connected to a time switch and which have multiple registers.Switching between the tariffs may happen via a radio-activated switch rather than a time switch to prevent tampering with a sealed time switch to obtain cheaper electricity. United Kingdom Radio-activated switching is common in the UK, with a nightly data signal sent within the long wave carrier of BBC Radio 4, 198  kHz. The time of off-peak charging is usually seven hours between midnight and 7. 00am GMT, and this is designed to power storage heaters and immersion heaters. In the UK, such tariffs are branded Economy 7 or White Meter.The popularity of such tariffs has declined in recent years, at least in the domestic market, due to the (perceived or real) deficiencies of storage heaters and the comparatively low cost of natural gas. An â€Å"Economy 10† meter is also available, giving five hours of heating overnight, with boosts in mid-morning and mid-afternoon. Most meters using Economy 7 switch the entire electricity supply to the cheaper rate during the 7 hour night time period, not just the storage heater circuit. The downside of this is that he daytime rate will be significantly higher, and standing charges may be a little higher too. For instance, normal rate electricity may be 9p per kWh, whereas Economy 7's daytime rate might be 14 to 17 p per kWh, but only 5. 43p per kWh at night. Timer switches installed on washing machines, tumble dryers, dishwashers and immersion heaters may be set so that they switch on only when the rate is lower. (Economy 7 Meter and Teleswitcher) Commercial usage Large commercial and industrial premises may use electronic meters which record power usage in blocks of half an hour or less.This is because most electricity grids have demand surges throughout the day, and the power company may wish to give price incentives to large customers to reduce demand at these times. These demand surges often correspond to meal times or, famously, to advertisements in popular television programmers. Appliance energy meters Plug in electricity meters (or â€Å"Plug load† meters) measure energy used by individual appliances. There are a variety of models available on the market today but they all work on the same basic principle.The meter is plugged into an outlet, and the appliance to be measured is plugged into the meter. Such meters can help in energy conservation by identifying major energy users, or devices that consume excessive standby power. A power meter can often be borrowed from the local power authorities or a local public library. In-home energy use displays A potentially powerful means to reduce household energy consumption is to provide convenient real-time feedback to users so they can change their energy using behavior. Recently, low-cost energy feedback displays have become available.A study using a consumer-readable meter in 500 Ontario homes by Hydro One showed an average 6. 5% drop in total electricity use when compared with a similarly sized control group. Hydro One subsequently offered free power monitors to 30,000 customers based on the success of the pilot. Projects such as Google Power Meter, take information from a smart meter and make it more readily available to users to help encourage conservation. Smart meters Smart meters go a step further than simple AMR (automatic meter reading).They offer additional functionality including a real-time or near real-time reads, power outage notification, and power quality monitoring. They allow price setting agencies to introduce different prices for consumption based on the time of day and the season. These price differences can be used to reduce peaks in demand (load shifting or peak lopping), reducing the need for additional power plants and in particular the higher polluting and costly to operate natural gas powered piker plants. The feedback they provide to consumers has also been shown to cut overall energy consumption.Another type of smart meter uses nonintrusive load monitoring to automatically determine the number and type of appliances in a residence, how much energy each uses and when. This meter is used by electric utilities to do surveys of energy use. It eliminates the need to put timers on all of the appliances in a house to determine how much energy each uses. Prepayment meters The standard business model of electricity retailing involves the electricity company billing the customer for the amount of energy used in the previous month or quarter.In some countries, if the retailer believes that the customer ma y not pay the bill, a prepayment meter may be installed. This requires the customer to make advance payment before electricity can be used. If the available credit is exhausted then the supply of electricity is cut off by a relay. (Prepayment meter and magnetic stripe tokens, from a rented accommodation in the UK. The button labeled A displays information and statistics such as current tariff and remaining credit. The button labeled B activates a small amount of emergency credit should the customer run out)In the UK, mechanical prepayment meters used to be common in rented accommodation. Disadvantages of these included the need for regular visits to remove cash, and risk of theft of the cash in the meter. Modern solid-state electricity meters, in conjunction with smart cards, have removed these disadvantages and such meters are commonly used for customers considered to be a poor credit risk. In the UK, one system is the Pay Point network, In some cases, prepayment meters have not be en accepted by customers.There are various groups, such as the Standard Transfer Specification (STS) association, which promote common standards for prepayment metering systems across manufacturers. where rechargeable tokens (Quantum cards for natural gas, or plastic â€Å"keys† for electricity) can be loaded with whatever money the customer has available. Recently smartcards are introduced as much reliable tokens that allows two way data exchange between meter and the utility. (A prepayment key) In South Africa, Sudan and Northern Ireland prepaid meters are recharged by entering a unique, encoded twenty digit number using a keypad.This makes the tokens, essentially a slip of paper, very cheap to produce. Around the world, experiments are going on, especially in developing countries, to test pre-payment systems. In some cases, prepayment meters have not been accepted by customers. There are various groups, such as the Standard Transfer Specification (STS) association, which p romote common standards for prepayment metering systems across manufacturers. Prepaid meters using the STS standard are used in many countries. Time of day meteringTime of Day metering (TOD), also known as Time of Usage (TOU) or Seasonal Time of Day (SToD), metering involves dividing the day, month and year into tariff slots and with higher rates at peak load periods and low tariff rates at off-peak load periods. While this can be used to automatically control usage on the part of the customer (resulting in automatic load control), it is often simply the customers responsibility to control his own usage, or pay accordingly (voluntary load control). This also allows the utilities to plan their transmission infrastructure appropriately.See also Demand-side Management (DSM). TOD metering normally splits rates into an arrangement of multiple segments including on-peak, off-peak, mid-peak or shoulder, and critical peak. A typical arrangement is a peak occurring during the day (non-holida y days only), such as from 1 pm to 9 pm Monday through Friday during the summer and from 6:30 am to 12 noon and 5 pm to 9 pm during the winter. More complex arrangements include the use of critical peaks which occur during high demand periods. The times of peak demand/cost will vary in different markets around the world.Large commercial users can purchase power by the hour using either forecast pricing or real time pricing. Prices range from we pay you to take it (negative) to $1000/MWh (100 cents/kWh). Some utilities allow residential customers to pay hourly rates, such as Illinois, which uses day ahead pricing. Power export metering Many electricity customers are installing their own electricity generating equipment, whether for reasons of economy, redundancy or environmental reasons. When a customer is generating more electricity than required for his own use, the surplus may be exported back to the power grid.Customers that generate back into the â€Å"grid† usually must have special equipment and safety devices to protect the grid components (as well as the customer's own) in case of faults (electrical short circuits) or maintenance of the grid (say voltage potential on a downed line going into an exporting customers facility). This exported energy may be accounted for in the simplest case by the meter running backwards during periods of net export, thus reducing the customer's recorded energy usage by the amount exported.This in effect results in the customer being paid for his/her exports at the full retail price of electricity. Unless equipped with a detent or equivalent, a standard meter will accurately record power flow in each direction by simply running backwards when power is exported. Such meters are no longer legal in the UK, but instead a meter capable of separately measuring imported and exported energy is required. Where allowed by law, utilities maintain a profitable margin between the price of energy delivered to the consumer and the rate credited for consumer-generated energy that flows back to the grid.Lately, upload sources typically originate from renewable sources (e. g. , wind turbines, photovoltaic cells), or gas or steam turbines, which are often found in cogeneration systems. Another potential upload source that has been proposed is plug-in hybrid car batteries (vehicle-to-grid power systems). This requires a â€Å"smart grid,† which includes meters that measure electricity via communication networks that require remote control and give customers timing and pricing options.Vehicle-to-grid systems could be installed at workplace parking lots and garages and at park and rides and could help drivers charge their batteries at home at night when off-peak power prices are cheaper, and receive bill crediting for selling excess electricity back to the grid during high-demand hours. Ownership Following the deregulation of electricity supply markets in many countries (e. g. , UK), the company responsible for an electricity meter may not be obvious.Depending on the arrangements in place, the meter may be the property of the meter Operator, electricity distributor, the retailer or for some large users of electricity the meter may belong to the customer. The company responsible for reading the meter may not always be the company which owns it. Meter reading is now sometimes subcontracted and in some areas the same person may read gas, water and electricity meters at the same time. Location The location of an electricity meter varies with each installation. Possible locations include on a utility pole serving the property, in a street-side abinet (meter box) or inside the premises adjacent to the consumer unit / distribution board. Electricity companies may prefer external locations as the meter can be read without gaining access to the premises but external meters may be more prone to vandalism. (Current transformers used as part of metering equipment for three-phase 400 A electricity supply. The fourth neutral wire does not require a current transformer because current cannot flow in this wire without also flowing in one of the three phase wires) Current transformers permit the meter to be located remotely from the current-carrying conductors.This is common in large installations. For example a substation serving a single large customer may have metering equipment installed in a cabinet, without bringing heavy cables into the cabinet. Customer drop and metering equation Since electrical standards vary in different regions, â€Å"customer drops† from the grid to the customer also vary depending on the standards and the type of installation. There are several common types of connections between a grid and a customer. Each type has a different metering equation. Customer supplies may be single-phase or three-phase.In the United States and Canada, three-wire single phase is common for residential and small commercial customers. Three phase supplies may be thr ee wire, or four wire (with a system neutral). Blondel's theorem states that for any system with N current-carrying conductors, that N-1 measuring elements are sufficient to measure electrical energy. This indicates that different metering is needed, for example, for a three-phase three-wire system than for a three-phase four-wire (with neutral) system. In North America, it is common for electricity meters to plug into a standardized socket outdoors, on the side of a building.This allows the meter to be replaced without disturbing the wires to the socket, or the occupant of the building. Some sockets may have a bypass while the meter is removed for service. The amount of electricity used without being recorded during this small time is considered insignificant when compared to the inconvenience which might be caused to the customer by cutting off the electricity supply. Most electronic meters in North America use a serial protocol. In many other countries the supply and load termina ls are in the meter housing itself. Cables are connected directly to the meter.In some areas the meter is outside, often on a utility pole. In others, it is inside the building in a niche. If inside, it may share a data connection with other meters. If it exists, the shared connection is often a small plug near the post box. The connection is often EIA-485 or infra-red with a serial protocol such as IEC 62056. In 2010, networking to meters is rapidly changing. The most common schemes seem to combine an existing national standard for data (e. g. ANSI C12. 19 or IEC 62056) operating via the internet protocol with a small circuit board that does either power line communication, or ties to a digital mobile phone network. A commercial power meter) Tampering and security Meters can be manipulated to make them under-register, effectively allowing power use without paying for it. This theft or fraud can be dangerous as well as dishonest. Power companies often install remote-reporting meters specifically to enable remote detection of tampering, and specifically to discover energy theft. The change to smart power meters is useful to stop energy theft. When tampering is detected, the normal tactic, legal in most areas of the USA, is to switch the subscriber to a â€Å"tampering† tariff charged at the meter's maximum designed current.At US$ 0. 095/kWh, a standard residential 50  A meter causes a legally collectible charge of about US$ 5,000. 00 per month. Meter readers are trained to spot signs of tampering, and with crude mechanical meters, the maximum rate may be charged each billing period until the tamper is removed, or the service is disconnected. A common method of tampering on older meters is to attach magnets to the outside of the meter. These magnetically saturate the coils or current transformers, preventing the alternating current from forming eddy currents in the rotor, or inducing voltages in the current transformer.Rectified DC loads cause mechanica l (but not electronic) meters to under-register. DC current does not cause the coils to make eddy currents in the disk, so this causes reduced rotation and a lower bill. Some combinations of capacitive and inductive load can interact with the coils and mass of a rotor and cause reduced or reverse motion. The owner of the meter normally secures the meter against tampering. Revenue meters' mechanisms and connections are sealed. Meters may also measure VAR-hours (the reflected load), neutral and DC currents (elevated by most electrical tampering), ambient magnetic fields, etc.Even simple mechanical meters can have mechanical flags that are dropped by magnetic tampering or large DC currents. Newer computerized meters usually have counter-measures against tampering. AMR (Automated Meter Reading) meters often have sensors that can report opening of the meter cover, magnetic anomalies, extra clock setting, glued buttons, A common method of tampering on older meters is to attach magnets to the outside of the meter. These magnetically saturate the coils or current transformers, preventing the alternating current from forming eddy currents in the rotor, or inducing voltages in the current transformer.When tampering is detected, the normal tactic, legal in most areas of the USA, is to switch the subscriber to a â€Å"tampering† tariff charged at the meter's maximum designed current. At US$ 0. 095/kWh, a standard residential 50  A meter causes a legally collectible charge of about US$ 5,000. 00 per month. Meter readers are trained to spot signs of tampering, and with crude. inverted installation, reversed or switched phases etc. (A Duke Energy technician removes the tamper-proof seal from a electricity meter at a residence in Durham, north Carolina)Some tampers bypass the meter, wholly or in part. Safe tampers of this type normally increase the neutral current at the meter. Most split-phase residential meters in the United States are unable to detect neutral curr ents. However, modern tamper-resistant meters can detect and bill it at standard rates. Disconnecting a meter's neutral connector is unsafe because shorts can then pass through people or equipment rather than a metallic ground to the generator. A phantom loop connection via an earth ground is often much higher resistance than the metallic neutral connector. Even in hese cases, metering at the substation can alert the operator to tampering. Substations, interties and transformers normally have a high-accuracy meter for the area served. Power companies normally investigate discrepancies between the total billed and the total generated, in order to find and fix power distribution problems. These investigations are an effective method to discover tampering. In North America power thefts are often connected with indoor marijuana grow operations. Narcotics detectives associate abnormally high power usage with the lighting such operations require.Indoor marijuana growers aware of this are particularly motivated to steal electricity simply to conceal their usage of it. Self evaluation This 42 days Industrial Training has led me to understand the various designing, assembling and the manufacturing processes of equipments in the industry, BENTEX. It has also enhanced my knowledge about the functioning and management of an industry, which I am sure, will be beneficial to me in my career. Regards, Name – Devesh Kumar Roll no. – 303956 Branch – Digital electronics (3rd year) Institute – C. R. R. I. T.